烤鴨們是不是看到項目管理這四個字就被怔住了？這么高大上的概念用來攻克我們雅思寫作？沒錯，今天就要教大家如何把各大主流商學院在項目管理中強調的節點控制方法跟我們寫作評分的四項要求對應起來，運用到咱們屠鴨的過程當中！一起來學習一下吧。我們的步驟是：
1.節點描述（作文審題）
2.節點問題點、難點、關鍵點（文章的邏輯安排）
3. 節點操作規范、標準（詞匯及語法的規范）
4. 問題的預防、處理計劃或措施（考前的記憶練習）
下面，我們用老年人這個話題來示范一下這四個步驟的具體運用
第一步：節點描述（作文審題）
雅思寫作題目十一年內與老年人直接相關的真題出現過9次，基本上是每年必出的常規話題之一。值得一提的是，2013年作文題中還沒有直接出現老年人這個詞眼，只提到了人們要不要為今后退休生活存錢。
Recently the proportion of older people has increased. Do you think it will make positive or negative effect on society? 20060211，20111008，20120310
老齡化會有哪些影響？
Some people believe that in order to give opportunities to new generations, companies should encourage high level employees who are older than 55 to retire. Do you agree or disagree? Why? 030712, 030809, 20051029
是否要鼓勵老人早點退休以達到為年輕人留出更多機會的目的？
Today, in many countries, there is insufficient respect to old people. What are the reasons? What problems it might cause? 20060708
當今社會對老年人不夠尊重的原因和可能帶來的問題是哪些？
Nowadays, high-technologies such as mobile phones and internet are rarely used by old people. How should these technologies be useful to old people? How to encourage old people to use the technologies? 20080628
如何使高科技產品對老年人更有幫助？如何鼓勵老年人使用這些科技？
Some people say that it is the responsibility of individuals to save money for their own care after they retire. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20070825
誰來為老年人的退休生活買單？
Saving money is a good habit for an individual after retirement. Do you agree or disagree? 20130606
人們要不要為退休后生活存錢？
第二步：節點問題點、難點、關鍵點（文章的邏輯安排）
英美雖然不存在有文化部這個部門，但實際上的確存在著一種主旋律的調調，比如說會稍顯刻意地強調對于弱勢群體的關注，而老人、小孩、婦女、窮人、少數民族、移民等群體就是我們通常而言比較需要被關注到的弱勢人群。雅思作文每年都會出現三次左右有關弱勢群體的考題。另外在其他題目寫作的時候，從這些群體的立場出發思考問題，也不妨為我們分類討論的一種思路和角度，體現出咱們的人性關懷。所以這類問題在段落安排上盡量辯證去分析，避免一邊倒的說法。
第三步：節點操作規范、標準（詞匯及語法的規范）
說到老年人的表達，大家可以盡量避免一開始就出現old people, old folks這樣的表達，第一個原因是這樣比較偏口語化，第二個原因是咱們這樣說有點offensive,雅思寫作用語始終應該注意委婉度與高級度。所以我們建議先把elderly, pensioner, seniorcitizen, the aged這些表達用出來。而老年人通常會面對到的問題一般而言是體能不足（physical inadequacies），不能快速接受新事物（fail to adopt innovations），可能會被強制退休（compulsory retirement）生活窘迫（life distress）年齡歧視（age discrimination）缺少專業的護理（lackof professional care givers）等等問題。
下面的句子是關于老年人話題非常漂亮的原汁原味表達，大家可以試試套用下加粗的句型和詞伙（地道搭配）。咱們要記住用詞用句的原則：地道自然的表達遠遠優過冗繁堆砌。信息密度大的簡單句也是高分句，不知所云的復雜句即是低分句！
Against the background of the expected population ageing in the EU and most of its Member States， it is therefore obvious that the actual retirement age must be raised substantially。
歐洲的未來老齡化趨勢以及它的大多數同胞國的情況都昭示著它的實際退休年齡是時候大幅提高了
Although the effects of early retirement were presented a long time as a win-win situation(availabilityof jobs for the young; more leisure time for elder people; lower unemployment figures for the government), they turned out to be an expensive fallacy.
雖然早退休方案在很長一段時間都被認為是一個雙贏方案，但最后這被證明是一個昂貴的錯誤。
In addition it is worth to reconsider the seniority principle (people earn more the older they get or the longer they are with one employer) as it may create obstacles for the hiring or continued employment of older workers.
而且非常有必要去重新考慮老年法則（人們工作的時間越長在一個老板底下工作時間越長，薪水越高）因為這可能會對他們再就業的制造障礙。
Likewise regional disparities connected to population ageing and the development of the ‘silver economy’ need to be adequately addressed.
同樣，和老齡化有關的地區差異以及“銀發經濟”的發展也應該好好考慮一下。
Furthermore, policies should be pursued which promote attitude changes towards elder people and support active ageing (life-long-learning, networking and activities of pensioner associations, possibilities for voluntary work on behalf of retirees, etc.)
還有，要實行政策來鼓勵人們改變對老年者的看法，來支持老年生活的豐富化。
Care of older people demands not only the right staffing levels, but also specialist skills and expertise.
對老人的照料不僅需要合適的員工水平，還要專業的技能和知識。
Caring for the elderlyis not easy and places a strain on caregivers and their families, regardless of how willing they are to help.
照料老人不是一件易事，而且無論照顧者多么愿意提供幫助，這都會給他或他的家庭帶來壓力。
We must also account for an increasingly large proportion of global elderly, especially in developing nations, as continued pressure is put on limiting fertility and decreasing family size.
我們要考慮到日益增長的全球化老年人口，特別是在發展中國家，因為低生育及日益縮小的家庭規范帶來持續的壓力。
Because of the wide variety of elderly care found globally,as well as differentiating cultural perspectives on elderly citizens, the subject cannot be limited to any one practice.
因為全球有不同的老年人照顧需求，背景觀點也都不一樣，這個問題不僅僅局限一隅。
There is much that can be done to improve provision for older people but it starts by accepting it is not basic or simple. The skills and knowledge of the nursing workforce needs to reflect the patient population.
對老人的照顧有很大的改善空間，前提要認識到這不簡單。護理人員的技能和知識要能匹配到要照顧到的人數。
第四步：問題的預防、處理計劃或措施（考前準備）
在備考期間，烤鴨們至少要看近兩年內出現過的所有寫作題目（其實連100道都不到），并不需要大家把所有的題目都寫一次。烤鴨們要做的就是把相似題目中最有代表性一道練練筆就好，把前面三步當中的積累盡量運用到250字的作文當中，起到舉一反三的作用。
關于老年人話題出現頻率最高，最有代表性的一道真題就是下面這道
It is reported that there will be higher proportion of older people than young people in the future in some countries. Do you think it is a positive or negative development?
各們烤鴨們可以根據我們給出的大綱，體會一下節點安排，自行完成一篇完整大作文
Task response
1.劃出關鍵詞
Higher proportion ofolder people
2.題型歸類：Argument利弊衡量
Coherence and cohesion全文布局,段落安排
首段：背景+爭議焦點+引入下文
二段：好處的展開
三段：壞處的展開
尾段：總結中心句，重申立場
Lexical resources閃光詞匯
Age boom
The prolonged average life span
Greater longevity
Grammatical range and accuracy 漂亮的語法
The most striking one is that the average life span will be prolonged, for the progress of medical treatment and improvement of living condition makes more people timely heal the diseases and better keep fit.
For another, aging of population causes a relative decrease in effective working force because population aging could impose great pressure on the structure of work force.
For a start, great efforts are surely necessary to promote the economic development; only in this way can the large proportion of the public fund be put into the social network focusing on the elderly.
總而言之，大家可以把準備屠鴨的過程看成是一項能大家帶來成就感的項目管理。希望各位烤鴨能有條不紊地完成對各個寫作話題類別的節點控制。兵來將擋，水來土淹；知己知彼，百戰不殆！希望本文對你的大作文有所幫助！祝大家屠鴨成功！
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