8. 第八羅漢：簡單句羅漢
在圖表題主體段的描寫中，數據主要是通過簡單句引導的，然后可以輔助地加上分詞或者定語從句等語法結構來增加句型的變化。而簡單句的使用也是有其側重點的，下面將具體介紹一下：
1. 動態數據：主+謂
此結構是描寫數據動態變化的首選句型結構，需注意的是主語必須是“數據”比如number, figure, percentage等，不能是其他名詞，而謂語動詞也只能是不及物動詞比如increase, drop等。下面我們來看幾個例子：
I. The number of visitors increased sharply between 1995 and 2005 in China.
II. The percentage of people aged 15-46 dropped slightly by 10% during the 40 years.
III. The figure for college C rose gradually to 30,000 in 2002.
IV. The number of aged people over 65 dropped slightly from 1960-1980.
V. The number of aged people over 65 fluctuated between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950.
2. 動態數據：主+謂+賓
此句型結構的特點在于謂語動詞必須是及物動詞，比如witness, see等，賓語位置要用表示動態變化的名詞比如growth, reduction等，在主語位置上可以仍舊為數據，也可以是地點或者時間段。它對于用主謂結構表達的句子可以作同義轉換，比如：
I. The number of visitors saw a sharp increase between 1995 and 2005 in China.
II. China witnessed a sharp increase in the number of visitors between 1995 and 2005.
III. The years between 1995 and 2005 saw a sharp increase in the number of visitors in China.
3. 動態數據：there + be
此簡單句型一般用于對于上述兩種動態數據描寫句型進行同義轉換，be動詞的時態一定要根據數據的時間來改變，否則很容易出錯：
I. There was an increase in the visits from about 12 to 53 million from 1979 to 1999.
II. There was a sharp rise in the number of visitors between 1995 and 2005 in China.
III. There was a slight decline in the number of aged people over 65 from 1960-1980.
IV. There was a fluctuation between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950.
4. 靜態數據：主+系+表
此句型結構也很實用，特別在描寫靜態數據中那些比較次要的數據時使用。既可以用來描寫一個數據，也可以描寫多個數據并列，比如：
I. The figures for college B and college A are 30% and 40% respectively.
II. The proportion of California was 27.3%.
III. The percentages of other two states were 18% and 34% respectively.
5. 靜態數據：主+謂+賓
在靜態數據的描寫中，我們也可以使用這個句型，但是在每個成分上不受任何限制，單詞完全是根據數據內容來選擇的，沒有固定詞匯，因此我們要準確解讀數據內容后才能下筆：
I. The most significant feature is that teacher’s salary was the biggest item of expenditure of UK universities while the spending on resources such as books only comprised a small share.
II. College C has the highest proportion of lectures with PHD qualification. College B comes next while college A has 20%.
III. London has the oldest railway system among all the cities. Paris comes next…
IV. The male electronic players clearly outnumbered their female counterparts (72% and 28% respectively).
所有的這些簡單句都是描述數據的基本句型元素，不論高分還是普通的文章，都是從這些簡單句開始操作的。實際使用的時候，建議考生們需要根據數據間的邏輯關系搭配好合適的連詞，另外，我們還可以在簡單句之后繼續對其擴展，靈活使用其他語法和句型組合，最終寫出流暢的數據描寫的句子。
9. 第九羅漢：介詞羅漢
介詞在小作文中的價值可見一斑，準確使用介詞對于取得高分至關重要，因此在準備知識里筆者重點給出三個常用介詞的使用方法，這三個介詞分別是to, by, of。在使用的時候我們要注意，by是跟在動詞后面的，表示幅度，而of是跟在名詞后面的，同樣表示幅度，to則既可以跟在動詞也可以跟在名詞之后，表示的是最終的數值大小。下面我們來看幾個例子：
I. This year unemployment has increased by 20,000 cases.
II. This year there has been an increase in unemployment of 5%.
III. This year unemployment has risen to 10%.
IV. This year there has been a rise in unemployment to 10%.
在第一和第三個句子中，劃線單詞都為不及物動詞，而在第二和第四個句子里，劃線單詞都是名詞，我們需要根據中文意思的不同，準確地按照上述理論來使用這幾個介詞，避免不必要的失分。
10. 第十羅漢：倍數羅漢
不論是靜態還是動態數據，我們在描述中經常會發現某2個數據間存在倍數關系，或者某一個數據在經過增長后和前面一個時間點的數據存在倍數關系，這時候，從高分的角度來說，我們需要對于這些倍數作一個交代。表示倍數關系的單詞主要有以下這些：double / triple / quadruple（2/3/4倍）, fold, times等。前面三個動詞可以直接在句子中表達具體的倍數，而后面兩個單詞需要借助名詞詞組的形式來表達倍數：
I. In general, the number of global population rose sharply during the six centuries and climbed to around six billion in 2000, a growth of 12 times.
II. Around 80% of the graduates from college C are able to find employment within six months after graduation. This figure triples that of college A while college B has 50%.
III. Minors constituted nearly 30% of the population in Utah. This figure doubles that of California while Florida had 21%.
我們注意一下第一個句子中的名詞短語，其中文意思為長了12倍，我們可以用a 12-folded growth對其進行替換，效果是一樣的，但是中文意思發生了細微的變化，為一個12倍的增長。在第二和第三個句子中，劃線的動詞都是及物動詞，直接可以將倍數關系表達出來，其使用的句子結構大家也不妨仔細體會一下。
11. 第十一羅漢：短語羅漢
小作文中的短語使用一般可以分為分詞短語和介賓短語2種用法：
1. 分詞短語
I. On average, 11% of all households, comprising almost two million people, were in this position.
II. 300 employees attend full-time course, constituting almost one third of all the employees.
III. Next comes tree-cutting, taking away slightly larger areas of land than farming in all the three regions.
提醒考生們，在使用分詞短語時一定要注意語法的準確性，即分詞的邏輯主語必須和主句的主語一致，否則是要導致扣分的。
IV. Observing the overall workforce does not lead to any surprises as it simply combines the above two, with about two-thirds of all workers working full-time or long hours, and the remaining one-third working part-time.
2. 介賓短語
I. However, those consisting of only one parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively.
II. Couples generally tended to be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children (7%) than those with children (12%).
III. By contrast, the annual distance covered by bicycle, motorbike and air travel only represented an insignificant share, with less than 8 billion passenger kilometers for each.
在第3個例句中，我們要特別注意for each的用法，要將其和respectively區分開來，通過句子的意思來合理使用好這2個詞。
IV. Role play and education games had less successful sales, with 7% each.
V. In comparison, student expenditure in country C was considerably lower, at only US $1,500 per year.
VI. Observing the overall workforce does not lead to any surprises as it simply combines the above two, with about two-thirds of all workers working full-time or long hours, and the remaining one-third working part-time.
在最后一個句子中，介詞with引導的數據并列結構用連詞and連接，使用時，我們一定要保證連詞左右的短語都是名詞形式，不能出現動詞。
12. 第十二羅漢：被動語態羅漢
被動語態在常規的圖表題和示意圖中都是一個非常重要的組成部分，尤其對于增加句型變化和增加表達復雜度上起了很關鍵的作用，以下我們來具體看一下被動語態在學術類小作文主體段中的使用理論及法則。
1. 流程圖
我們在寫流程圖的時候同一個動作用2種語態皆可表達，但是若使用被動語態，既避免了主語選擇時的糾結，同時也增加了文章的字數，如：
I. In the first stage, the used bottles, discarded by customers, are collected at the collecting point.
II. Following this, the clean bottles are transported by the trucks to the glass factory where they are broken into glass pieces which are put into a furnace
在上面這個句子中，我們可以看到作者連續使用了定語從句這個語法點，然后用被動語態的方式串聯前后的動作，這是高分表達的慣用方式，大家不妨仔細品味一下其中的寫作理論。
III. In the final stage, new and empty bottles are filled with liquid, packed and dispatched to the supermarket ready to be picked by consumers.
IV. Nitrogen is poured in. Water is needed only when it is hot in weather.
2. 地圖題
在地貌變遷圖里被動語態的使用相對于流程圖來說就更加靈活了，因為地貌變遷圖句型的選擇面更廣，因此被動語態相對來說就成為一種輔助的語法。如：
I. The year 1860 saw a doubling in the number of homes, but the size of farmland and woods was reduced by half.
II. In the same year, a bridge could be seen over the river and a road was constructed linking the river to the residences.
III. Several school buildings and sports facilities were constructed at the south-eastern corner of the village, which were connected with the residential area in the north by a newly-built road.
3. 動態數據
在連續的2段動態變化趨勢中，不論相反或者相似，都可以用被動語態來進行句型的切換使之達到更加生猛的效果。如：
I. The number of world population rose slowly in the first 400 years from 1400. However, this was suddenly replaced by a sharply upward trend after 1800 and the figure surged to over 6 billion in 2000.
II. In the first 20 years, the amount of oil discovered increased dramatically by 50%. However, from 1990 onwards, it was suddenly replaced by a sharply downward trend and is predicted to dip to only 20,000 barrels in 2020.
在上面的2個例句中，細心的同學一定會發現，在動態數據變化的描寫中，我們喜歡用replace這個動詞，加上upward/downward這2個形容詞來組合。沒錯，這幾個單詞就是我們一開始在采用這種句式時的慣用詞匯，大家務必要記住。另外，在句子的銜接上，我們要用表示轉折的連詞。
III. From Monday to Friday, the dinner sales rose gradually by 20%. However, it was suddenly replaced by a downward trend when the weekend set in, dipping quickly by 10%.
IV. This rise in passenger kilometer number was recorded in air, bus and rail travel but a slight decline was actually found in bicycle and motorbike travel.
在第4個例句中，我們用被動語態來對動態數據的變化作一小結，同時也進行了橫向對比，這是被動語態在動態數據中的一種靈活使用方式。
V. This upward trend is expected to last through to the year 2021, when the population is estimated at 87,657,000, more than double the 1901 figure.
4. 靜態數據
I. The rest of the students’ spending was divided among leisure, books and others.
II. Leisure spending constituted a larger percentage (20%) of student expenditure in both country A and country B, while in country C more money was spent on books(21%) than on leisure(12%).
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