（三）分詞（v + ing 和v + ed） 1.分詞的語(yǔ)法功能
分詞在句中可作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)
作定語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)，完成。
注意：
現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或表示現(xiàn)狀。同時(shí)表示主動(dòng)。
例如：
Give the note to the man sitting at that desk.
過去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示完成的動(dòng)作。同時(shí)表示被動(dòng)。有時(shí)過去分詞僅僅表示被動(dòng)。
例如：
We've met the doctor sent to work here by the city hospital.（表被動(dòng)和完成）
Some of the questions _____ in the book are easy to perform.（僅表被動(dòng)）
A.being described
B.described
C.to be described
D.Having been described
**：B
不定式作定語(yǔ)表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
例如：
The question _____ tomorrow is whether income tax should be increased.
A.to be debated
B.to debate
C.debated
D.is debated
**：A
作狀語(yǔ)
分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)可作狀語(yǔ)，說明謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、伴隨情況、行為方式或?qū)χ^語(yǔ)加以補(bǔ)充說明等。現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)含有主動(dòng)的意思，過去分詞作狀語(yǔ)含有被動(dòng)的意思，或是表示狀態(tài)。
例如：
① ______ ,he had asked three persons before he got there.
A.Not knowing where was the bookstore
B.Knowing not where the bookstore was
C.Not knowing where the bookstore was
D.Not to know where the bookstore was
**：C
②______ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a "blue planet".
A.Seen
B.Seeing
C.To be seen
D.Having seen
**：A
注意：
分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。
例如：
Waiting for a bus, a stone hit me.
By swimming an hour everyday, Jane's weight was reduced from 120 to 110 pounds.
Made of plastic, I didn't expect the chairs would be that strong.
以上三句話應(yīng)當(dāng)分別改為：
While I was waiting for the bus, a stone hit me.
By swimming an hour everyday, Jane reduced her weight from 120 to 110 pounds.
As the chairs were made of plastic, I didn't expect they would be that strong.
分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，要特別注意其邏輯主語(yǔ)和主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一致性。否則，分詞必須有自己的主語(yǔ)。這種帶主語(yǔ)的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱為分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：
The work done, they put away their tools and left the workshop.
（= When the work has been done, they put away their tools and left the workshop.）
His health failing, he decided to retire from office.
（= Since his health failed, he decided to retire from office.）
分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)還可由介詞with, without引出，通常用于補(bǔ)充說明或表示伴隨情況，有時(shí)也有時(shí)間、原因、條件、結(jié)果等含義，翻譯時(shí)可根據(jù)上下文譯為"隨著…"，"…之后"，"由于"等，有時(shí)也可不譯出，如：
With summer coming on, it's time to buy air conditioners.
出題形式與應(yīng)對(duì)策略：
______ , they went swimming.
A.Being a hot day
B.It was a hot day
C.Due to a hot day
D.The day being hot
**：D
①首先看題干，逗號(hào)的后面是一個(gè)完整的句子，兩部分用逗號(hào)連接，現(xiàn)在我們必須清楚的是逗號(hào)并不能連接兩個(gè)并列句，不等于連詞and，因此選項(xiàng)B是錯(cuò)誤的。但是，在考察分詞作狀語(yǔ)或分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中會(huì)有像選項(xiàng)B這樣的選項(xiàng)。也就是說下列結(jié)構(gòu)是錯(cuò)誤的：
×It was a hot day, they went swimming.
√It was a hot day, and they went swimming.
√Since it was a hot day, they went swimming.
注：英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法是顯性的，句子之間的各種關(guān)系要體現(xiàn)在形式上，而漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法則是隱形的，句子之間的各種關(guān)系要語(yǔ)義來傳達(dá)。
小練習(xí)
把下列劃線的句子改為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)：
1.As the secretary was away, Mr Green had to type his final grade.
2.Since Mother was ill, I offered to do the cooking.
3.The machine consists of three parts, each of which has its own motor.
4.When class was over, the students went to the playground to watch the ball game.
5.Because the book was written in English, we found it easy to read.
6.Because a heavy rain flooded the road, he returned three days late than expected.
7.He prayed silently and his eyes were closed.
參考**：
1.The secretary being away, …
2.Mother being ill, …
3.…, each having its own motor.
4.Class being over, …
5.The book being written in English, …
6.A heavy rain flooding the road, …
7.…, his eyes closed.
作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
注意1：
使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get的后面可以接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，keep的后面則接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)。在"have+ sth.+過去分詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作往往是由別人來完成的。
例如：
①"I can't see the blackboard very well."
"Perhaps you need ______ ."
A.to examine your eyes.
B.to have examined your eyes.
C.having your eyes examined.
D.to have your eyes examined.
**：D
②When visiting a foreign country, I sometimes found it difficult_____.
A.to make myself understood
B.to make others understand myself
C.to make myself understand
D.making others understand me
**：A
③There was so much noise outside that the speaker could hardly______.
A.make the audience hear
B.make himself be heard
C.make that the audience would hear
D.make himself heard
**：D
It's about the time we got the kitchen repainted.
I'll try not to keep you waiting.
You'd better keep the engine running all night.
注意2：
表示感覺的動(dòng)詞notice, find, see, watch, hear, smell, feel等后面可以接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。
例如：
Did you smell something ______ .
A.having burnt
B.to have burnt
C.burning
D.to be burning
**：C
We watched the workmen sawing the trees.
作表語(yǔ)
注意；
現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的特征，常用于事物；過去分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，常用于人。
例如：
The game sound interesting.
I am interested in the game.
這類詞常見的有：
interesting使人感到高興 ─ interested感到高興的
exciting令人激動(dòng)的 ─ excited感到激動(dòng)的
disappointing令人失望的 ─ disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的 ─ encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的 ─ pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人費(fèi)解的 ─ puzzled感到費(fèi)解的
satisfying令人滿意的 ─ satisfied感到滿意的
surprising令人驚異的 ─ surprised感到驚異的
worrying令人擔(dān)心的 ─ worried感到擔(dān)心的
分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式，并有主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。過去分詞則只有一種形式，現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞study為例：
主動(dòng)/被動(dòng)現(xiàn)在分詞一般式：studying; being studied
完成式：having studied; having been studied
過去分詞：studied
1） 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式：having done表示分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。例如：
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
Not having made adequate preparations, we postponed the sports meet.
2） 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式：being done，表示某一被動(dòng)動(dòng)作在講話時(shí)正在發(fā)生，或與謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如：
Who is the patient being operated on?
正在被做手術(shù)的那位病人是誰？（作定語(yǔ)）
You will find the matter being talked about all over the town.
你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)城里到處都在談?wù)撨@件事情。（作賓補(bǔ)）
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞練習(xí)
1.There are many kinds of metals, _______.
A.each having its special properties
B.having its special properties
C.one has its special properties
D.each has its special properties
**：A
2._______ in the air, fuels give off heat.
A.To burn
B.Burned
C.To be burned
D.Being burned
**：B
3.______ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a "blue planet"
A
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