一、概說
副詞主要用于修飾動詞，也可用于修飾形容詞、副詞、介詞短語以及句子，表示時間、地點、方式、程度、疑問等。
二、副詞的句法功能
1.用作狀語
副詞用作狀語，這是其主要功能：
He speaks English very well.他英語說得很好。
I often get up at six in the morning.我經常是在6點鐘起床。
He went home yesterday./Yesterday he went home.他昨天回家了。
2.用作表語
I'll be back in five minutes.我五分鐘就回來。
I must be off now.我現在得走了。
Is the radio on or off?收音機是開著的還是關著的？
【說明】在一般情況下，用作表語時不用副詞而用形容詞：
正：He looks very angry.他看上去很生氣。
誤：He looks very angrily.
正：Mr.Smith is very careful.史密斯先生很仔細。
誤：Mr.Smith is very carefully.
英語中用可作表語的副詞主要是表地點的副詞以及某些與介詞同形的副詞，常見的有here,there,up,down,away,nearby,back,in,home,ahead,upstairs,downstairs,off,through,on,over等。而且這些副詞只能用于連系動詞be后作表語，而不用于其他連系動詞后作表語，如：
正：He is here./He is away.
誤：He seems here./He seems away.
3.用作賓語
It’s hot in here.這里面很熱。
It’s not far from here.從這兒去不遠。
He had to I’ll stay at home tonight.今晚我將呆在家里。
【說明】副詞用作賓語的用法十分有限，通常只用作介詞賓語，并且只限于某些表示時間和地點的副詞，而且不同的副詞有不同的搭配特點，如here和there可與along,around,down,from,in,near,round,up等介詞連用，但通常不與介詞to連用，如不說come to here,go to there等(但from here to there是例外)。
4.用作賓語補足語
Please ask him in,please.請叫他進來。
I'm pleased to see you back.看到你回來了我很高興。
【說明】一般說來，只有能用作表語的副詞才可用作賓語補足語。
5.用作定語
Is there anything on tonight?今晚有什么活動嗎?
The people there were very friendly.那兒的人很友好。
【說明】在通常情況下，副詞用作定語總是放在被修飾的名詞之后。
三、副詞在句中的位置
1.一般副詞的位置。在許多情況下，副詞都放在所修飾的動詞后面或句末：
The girl dances very well.這個女孩跳舞跳得好。
We must work hard.我們必須努力工作。
He does his work very carefully.他做工作非常仔細。
I want to see the film very much.我很想看這部電影。
有時也放在主語后面動詞前面（對動作加以強調）：
He angrily closed the door.他生氣地把門關上了。
置于句中的副詞，若碰上助動詞，則通常放在助動詞之后、主要動詞之前：
He has just left for work.他剛剛離開去上班。
We have already read the book.我們都已讀過這本書。
2.頻度副詞在句中的位置
頻度副詞表示動作發生的次數，常見有的ever,never,seldom,sometimes,often,always等，它們通常位于實意動詞之前，動詞be、助動詞、情態動詞之后：
He never reads such books.他從不看那樣的書。
He often comes to school./He is often later for school.他上學常遲到。
有時為了強調，頻度副詞也可位于動詞be、助動詞等之前：
She always was late.她老是遲到。
為了強調等原因，有時頻度副詞可位于句首或句末(尤其受very,only修飾時)：
Very often the phone rings when I'm in the bath.電話經常在我洗澡時響。
Do you go to the cinema very often?你常去看電影嗎?
但是，頻度副詞always和never通常不位于句首，除非是祈使句：
Always remember this.請時刻記住這一點。
Never tell him the news.千萬不要告訴他這消息。
在否定句中，有的頻度副詞可位于否定詞not之后或之前(如usually,often)，有的頻度副詞則必須位于否定詞之后(如always)，而有的頻度副詞卻必須要位于否定詞not之前(如sometimes)：
He doesn't usually come here./He usually doesn't come here.他通常不來這兒。
She doesn't always come late.她并非總是遲到。(不能說always doesn't)
He is sometimes not satisfied with my work.他有時對我的工作不滿意。
3.副詞位置對句意的影響
有時副詞位置的不同會導致句子意義的改變：
Tom alone is coming.只有湯姆要來。(alone位于被修飾的名詞或代詞后，意為“只有”)
Tom is coming alone.湯姆將一個人來。(alone在此修飾動詞come，意為“獨自”)
Only I kissed her last night.昨晚只有我吻了她(即別人沒吻她)。
I only kissed her last night.昨晚只是吻了她(即沒干別的事)。
I kissed only her last night.昨晚我吻的只有她(即沒吻過別人)。
I kissed her only last night[last night only].我只是在昨晚才吻了她(即其他時候未吻過)。
They secretly decided to leave the town.他們秘密決定離開這個城市。
They decided to leave the town secretly.他們決定秘密地離開這個城市。
He answered the questions foolishly.他對這個問題作了愚蠢的回答。
He foolishly answered the questions.他愚蠢地回答了這個問題。
Clearly he didn't say so.顯然他沒有這樣說。(clearly修飾句子，意為“顯然”)
He didn't say so clearly.他說得沒有那么清楚。(clearly修飾動詞say，意為“清楚”)
四、幾組常用副詞的用法區別
1.quite,rather,very的用法區別
三者均可表示程度，但程度的高低不同，所表達的語氣也不同，一般說來，rather比quite語氣強，very比rather語氣強。另外，在用法上它們有如下區別：
(1)這三個詞中，只有rather可以與比較級和副詞too(太)連用：
It's rather colder today.今天冷多了。
The exercise was rather too difficult.這練習太難了點。
【說明】quite有時也與比較級連用,但通常只限于quite better(身體健康)這一表達中：
I'm quite better now.我現在好多了。
(2)rather和quite有時可直接修飾動詞,而very不能這樣用：
I quite agree with you.我完全同意你(的意見)。
We rather like the book.我們很喜歡這本書。
(3)修飾right,wrong,impossible,alone等不可分級的形容詞，通常只用quite，而不用rather或very。此時quite并不表示“相當”或“很”，而表示“完全”：
You're quite right(wrong).你完全正確(錯了)。
That's quite impossible.那完全不可能。
2.sometime,some time,sometimes的用法區別
(1)sometime意為“某個時候”，此時也可寫成some time(即分開寫)：
I will go home sometime[some time]next week.下個星期的某個時候我要回家。
(2)some time作為副詞詞組，意為“某個時候”(=sometime)；作為名詞詞組，意為“一段時間”(不能寫成sometime)：
I will write again some time.我回頭再給你寫信。
We lived in the country for some time.我們在農村住過一段時間。
(3)sometimes意為“有時”：
He sometimes comes very late.他有時來得很遲。
3.almost與nearly的用法區別
(1)兩者均可表示“幾乎”、“差不多”，有時可換用：
It's almost[nearly]impossible.那幾乎是不可能的。
It's almost[nearly]10 o'clock.差不多10點鐘了。
He is almost[nearly]as tall as her.他差不多與她一樣高。
Almost[Nearly]all the students passed the exam.差不多所有的學生都通過了考試。
【說明】兩者雖可互換，但有時almost比nearly表示更接近的程度。
(2)用于any以及no,none,nobody,nothing,never等否定詞前，可用almost，但不能用nearly：
Almost any man can do it.幾乎任何人都會做。
He has almost no money.他幾乎沒錢。
(3)nearly前可用very,pretty,not等詞修飾，但almost之前不能用這些詞：
It's not nearly so difficult as you think.這遠不像你想象的那么難。
4.very,much與very much
(1)very主要修飾形容詞或副詞：
The woman is very beautiful.那個女人很美。
He did it very carefully.這事他做得很仔細。
【說明】修飾副詞too(太)，要用much，不能用very：
He is much too busy to see you.他太忙不能見你。
(2)much主要修飾動詞，而且除非其前有very,too,so等修飾語，它只用于否定句和疑問句：
She doesn't like him much.她不太喜歡他。
Does she much like him?/Does she like him much?她很喜歡他嗎？
She likes him very much.她很喜歡他。
【說明】不帶修飾語的much有時也可能在肯定句中修飾動詞，但這只限于regret,admire,prefer,等少數動詞，且此時的much應置于句中，而不是句末：
I much regret what I said.我非常后悔我說過的話。
(3)much除修飾動詞外，還可修飾比較級和最高級等：
It is much colder today.今天冷多了。
This book is much the most interesting.這本書是最最有趣的。
【說明】very有時也可修飾最高級(注意要放在冠詞之后)：
This is the very cheapest one.這是最最便宜的。
5.much too與too much
兩者結構相似，很容易混淆。它們在用法上的區別是：much too＝too，但前者語氣更強；too much＝much，但前者語氣更強：
He drives much too fast.他開車開得太快了。
The shoes are much too small for me.這鞋子我穿太小了。
There is too much rain.雨水太多了。
You have given me too much.你已經給我太多了。
6.how long,how often與how soon
三者均可譯為“多久”，區別如下：
(1)how long指多長時間，主要用來對一段時間(如three days,four weeks等)提問：
“How long did he stay here?”“About two hours.”“他在這兒呆了多久?”“大約兩小時。”
(2)how often指每隔多久，主要用來對頻度副詞或狀語(如once a week等)提問：
“How often does he come here?”“Once a month.”“他(每隔)多久來一次?”“每月一次。”
(3)how soon指再過多久，主要用來對表示將來的一段時間(如in an hour,in two weeks等)提問：
“How soon will he be back?”“In an hour.”“他要多久才回來?”“1小時以后。”
7.ago與before
兩者均可表示在多久時間“以前”(要放在表示一段時間的詞語之后)，但有區別：ago從現在向前回溯，即現在的過去，因此通常與一般過去時連用；而before則從過去向前回溯，即指過去的過去，因此通常與過去完成時連用(尤其用于賓語從句中)。如：
I bought the computer two years ago.我是兩年前買這臺電腦的。
He said they had left five days before.他說他們5天前就離開了。
【說明】before有時單獨使用(即不連用具體時間)，泛指一般意義的“以前”，此時可用于一般過去時，也可用于現在完成時：
He didn't know that before.他以前不知道此事。
I have been there before.我以前去過那兒。
五、副詞比較等級
1.副詞比較等級的構成方法
(1)單音節和個別雙音節副詞通過加后綴–er和-est構成比較級和最高級：
原級比較級最高級
fast(快)faster fastest
soon(快)sooner soonest
early(早)earlier earliest
【說明】有關將y改為i，再加-er和-est的規則以及雙寫末尾輔音字母的規則，參見形容詞比較等級的構成方法。
(2)絕大多數雙音節副詞和所有的多音節副詞通過其前more和most構成比較級和最高級：
原級比較級最高級
quickly(快)more quickly most quickly
quietly(悄悄地)more quietly most quietly
carefully(仔細地)more carefully most carefully
(3)副詞比較等級的不規則變化
原級比較級最高級
well(好，健康的)better best
badly(壞地)worse worst
much(多)more most
little(少)less least
far(遠)farther/further farthest/furthest
2.使用比較等級的基本原則
不作比較用原級，兩者比較用比較級，多者比較用最高級：
Who runs faster,you or Tom?你和湯姆誰跑得快一點?
He eats more quickly than I do.他比我吃得快。
He sings the best in the class.他是這個班唱得最好的。
比較以下句子：
He walks very fast.他走路很快。(盡管“很快”，但沒有比較，故用原級)
He walks very slow,but still faster than you.盡管他走得很慢，但比你快。
Though they walk very slow,Jim walks the fastest of all of them.雖然他們都走得很慢，但吉姆是他們當中走得最快的。
3.不能使用雙重比較等級
即構成比較級時不能既加詞尾-er，又在其前加more；構成最高級時不能既在詞尾加-est，又在其前加most，如不能說more better,most earliest等：
誤：He speaks English more better than you.
正：He speaks English much better than you.他說英語比你說得好多了。
誤：He gets up more earlier than me.
正：He gets up much earlier than I do.他起床比我早得多。
但是，“比較級+and+比較級”這樣的結構卻是經常可用的表達：
He played it better and better.他彈得越來越好。
It rained more and more heavily.雨下得越來越大。
4.使用比較等級要合乎邏輯
請看兩組正誤句：
His watch goes faster than ______.
A.me B.I C.my D.mine
答案應選D，而不是A或B，本句的意思是在比較兩個人的表，一個走得快一個走得慢。從邏輯上說，應該是兩個人的表進行比較，即將his watch與mine(=my watch)進行比較，而不能將his watch與me或I進行比較。
5.副詞最高級前是否用the
一般說來，副詞最高級前的the可以用也可以省略：
Who did it best?誰做得最好？
They work(the)hardest.他們工作最努力。
He swam the farthest?他游得最遠。
【說明】當要對同一個人或事物在不同情況下進行對比時，副詞最高級前也不能加the：
He sings best when he is with his girlfriend.他與他的女朋友在一起時唱得最好。
She works hardest when she’s doing something for her family.她為自己家干活時最賣力。
比較：Of all the workers,he works(the)hardest.在所有工人中，他干活最賣力。
6.as…as結構
該結構的基本意思是“與…一樣”，其中接副詞原級，不能接比較級或最高級：
He comes to school as early as me.他與我來校一樣早。
He swims as fast as the others.他游泳與其他人一樣快。
【說明】在否定句中，第一個as也可換成so：
He doesn't study as[so]hard as his brother.他學習不如他弟弟努力。
有時該結構根據情況可受(not)nearly,almost,just,not quite,half,twice,three times等詞語的修飾，但是注意這些修飾語必須置于第一個as之前，而不能置于其后：
正：I don’t speak half as well as you.我講得不如你一半好。
誤：I don’t speak as half well as you./I don’t speak as well half as you.
六、實力訓練題
1.選擇最佳答案填空
(1)I have never seen her sister _______.
A.ago B.before C.often D.sometimes
(2)“_______ do you go swimming?”“Once a week.”
A.How often B.How long C.How fast D.How soon
(3)It's _______ we last met.
A.some time B.sometime C.sometimes D.some times
(4)Mary sings _______,but her sister sings much _______.
A.well,well B.better,better C.well,better D.better,well
(5)My model plane can fly higher than _______.
A.you B.your C.yours D.yourself
(6)If you’re ______ in Spain,do come and see me.
A.ever B.never C.once D.nearly
(7)He knows _______ about it than you do.
A.even little B.even less C.more little D.more less
(8)You should speak _______ and listen _______.
A.little,less B.less,much C.less,more D.more,little
(9)You are sure to read it ______ if you try.
A.much better B.much well C.more better D.more well
(10)Soon we found that he liked the girl ______.
A.good and better B.well and better C.well and well D.better and better
(11)It was ______ late to catch a bus after the party,so we took a taxi.
A.too very B.much too C.too much D.far
(12)The children looked _____ at the broken model plane and felt quite _____.
A.sad,sad B.sadly,sadly C.sad,sadly D.sadly,sad
(13)“This book is ____ more useful for us students.”“Yes,but it is ____ too difficult.”
A.quite,quite B.much,much C.rather,quite D.quite,much
(14)Mr Smith is _______ too busy now.Could you wait for a moment?
A.very B.fairly C.rather D.quite
(15)He doesn’t sing ______ that night as he usually does.
A.so well B.so better C.more better D.so best
(16)He says that he ______ likes this idea.
A.very B.much C.quite D.well
(17)The child is _______ busy to have time for sports.
A.too much B.much too D.much very D.very much
(18)Jim works ______,but his brother ______ works.
A.hard,hard B.hardly,hardly C.hard,hardly D.hardly,hard
(19)Jack writes _______ than he did before.
A.much carefully B.more careful
C.much more carefully D.much careful
(20)_______ no one believed what he said.
A.Nearly B.Almost C.Most D.Most of
2.根據所給中文意思完成下列句子，每空填一詞：
(1)吉姆來得遲，但是杰克來得更遲。
Jim came ______,but Jack came _______ _______.
(2)他對這個問題的研究比我深入。
He studied the problem _______ _______ I did.
(3)他閱讀速度比她快一倍。
He can read ______ _______ _______ as she does.
(4)你打得不好，他打得更差，我打得最差。
You played _______,he played _______ and I played _______.
(5)他們往森林里走得越來越遠。
They walked _______ and _______ into the forest.
(6)我知道你喜歡英語，但他與你一樣喜歡。
I know you like English,but he likes it _______ _______ ______ you.
(7)我們的意見并不總是一致的。
We _______ agree with one another.
(8)幾乎所有的學生都可以按時完成。
_______ _______ can finish it in time.
(9)他說英語不如他姐姐說得好。
He can’t speak English ______ ______ _______ his sister.
(10)那兒的人似乎都非常忙。
The ______ ______ seem very ______.
參考答案：1.(1)—(5)BAACC(6)—(10)ABCAD(11)—(15)BDBCA(16)—(20)CBCCB
2.(1)late,still,later(2)further,than(3)twice,as,fast(4)badly,worse,worst(5)farther,farther/further,further(6)as,much,as(7)don’t,always(8)Almost,any(9)so[as],well,as(10)people,there,busy
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