我們?cè)趯?xiě)英語(yǔ)句子的時(shí)候，常常會(huì)犯一些相同的錯(cuò)誤。下面這十個(gè)錯(cuò)誤后面，都附有正確答案，以及詳細(xì)的解說(shuō)。
Incomplete Sentence - Sentence Fragment
句子不完整——殘缺句
One common mistake many students make is the use of incomplete sentences. Each sentence in English must contain at least a subject and a verb, and should be an independent clause. Examples of incomplete sentences without a subject or a verb might include an instruction or a prepositional phrase.
許多學(xué)生都會(huì)犯一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤，就是寫(xiě)出來(lái)的句子不完整。英語(yǔ)中，每個(gè)句子都必須至少有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，并單獨(dú)成句。沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞的殘缺句子可能就只有表示指令的句子或者介詞短語(yǔ)了。
For example:
例如：
Through the door.
穿過(guò)大門(mén)。
In the other room.
在另一個(gè)房間。
Over there.
在那里。
These are phrases we may use in spoken English, but that should not be used in written English as they are incomplete.
在英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)中，你可能會(huì)用到這些短語(yǔ)，但是因?yàn)樗鼈儺吘共皇峭暾挠⒄Z(yǔ)句子，所以在書(shū)面語(yǔ)言中，我們一般不會(huì)使用。
Sentence fragments caused by dependent clauses used without an independent clause are more common. Remember that subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses. In other words, if you use a subordinating clause beginning with a word such as 'because, though, if, etc.' there must be an independent clause to complete the thought. This mistake is often made on tests asking a question with 'Why'.
由于缺乏獨(dú)立分句的從屬子句導(dǎo)致的句子殘缺很常見(jiàn)。記住，從屬連詞引出了從屬子句。也就是說(shuō)，如果你用一些詞語(yǔ)來(lái)引出從句，例如because，though，if等等，就必須要有一個(gè)獨(dú)立分句來(lái)使句子完整。我們?cè)诳荚囍?，使用why來(lái)提出問(wèn)題時(shí)，經(jīng)常會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤。
For example, the sentences:
例如，下面這個(gè)句子：
Because Tom is the boss.
因?yàn)闇肪褪抢习濉?/p>
Since he left work early without permission.
自從他不經(jīng)允許就早退。
We might answer the question: "Why did he lose his job?" However, these are sentence fragments. The correct answer would be:
我們可能會(huì)問(wèn)：“他為什么丟掉工作?”但是，這些句子都是不完整的。正確用法應(yīng)該是：
He lost his job because Tom is the boss.
因?yàn)闇肪褪抢习?，所以他丟掉了工作。
He lost his job since he left work early without permission.
他因?yàn)椴唤?jīng)允許就早退而丟掉了工作。
Other examples of incomplete sentences introduced by subordinating clauses include:
其他關(guān)于從屬子句的殘缺句還包括下面內(nèi)容：
Even though he needs help.
雖然他需要幫助
If they study enough.
如果他們好好學(xué)習(xí)
As they had invested in the company.
因?yàn)樗麄兺顿Y了這家公司
Run-on Sentences
句子不連貫
Run-on sentences are sentences that:
不連貫句子指的是：
1) are not connected by appropriate linking language such as conjunctions
缺乏合適的連接詞，例如連詞。
2) use too many clauses rather than using periods and linking language such as conjunctive adverbs
使用過(guò)多的從句，而非句號(hào)和連接語(yǔ)，例如連接副詞
The first type leaves out a word - usually a conjunction - that is required to connect a dependent and independent clause. For example:
第一種是漏掉了一個(gè)詞——通常是連接詞——用于連接非獨(dú)立子句和獨(dú)立子句。
The students did well on the test they didn't study very much.
學(xué)生們考得很好他們沒(méi)有下多少功夫。
Anna needs a new car she spent the weekend visiting car dealerships.
安娜想買(mǎi)輛新車(chē)她整個(gè)周末都在約見(jiàn)代理商。
The first sentence should use either a conjunction 'but', or 'yet' or a subordinating conjunction 'although, even though, or though' to connect the sentence. In the second sentence, the conjunction 'so' or the subordinating conjunction 'since, as, or because' would connect the two clauses.
第一句話(huà)要么應(yīng)該加上一個(gè)連詞but，要么加上yet，或者一個(gè)從屬連詞although, even though或though來(lái)連接前后兩句。
The students did well, yet they didn't study very much.
學(xué)生們考得很好，但他們并沒(méi)有下多少功夫。
Anna spent the weekend visiting car dealerships since she needs a new car.
因?yàn)橄胭I(mǎi)輛新車(chē)，安娜整個(gè)周末都在約見(jiàn)代理商。
Another common run on sentence occurs when using too many clauses. This often occurs using the word 'and'.
另一種句子不連貫發(fā)生在使用太多從句的時(shí)候。常常是由于and一詞導(dǎo)致。
We went to the store and bought some fruit, and we went to the mall to get some clothes, and we had lunch at McDonald's, and we visited some friends.
我們?nèi)ド痰曩I(mǎi)了一些水果，去購(gòu)物商城買(mǎi)了一些衣服，在麥當(dāng)勞吃的午飯，又見(jiàn)了一些朋友。
The continuous chain of clauses using 'and' should be avoided. In general, do not write sentences that contain more than three clauses to ensure that your sentences do not become run-on sentences.
我們應(yīng)該避免使用and來(lái)連接一大串的從句。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，從句不要超過(guò)三個(gè)，以確保句子的連貫性。
Duplicate Subjects
兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)
Sometimes students use a pronoun as a duplicate subject.
有時(shí)候，學(xué)生們會(huì)將代詞作為第二個(gè)主語(yǔ)。
Remember that each clause takes only one sentence. If you have mentioned the subject of a sentence by name, there is no need to repeat with a pronoun.
記住，每個(gè)從句只需要一句話(huà)。如果之前你已經(jīng)提到主語(yǔ)的名字，就不需要再用代詞重復(fù)了。
Example 1:
例一：
Tom lives in Los Angeles.
湯姆住在洛杉磯。
NOT
而不是
Tom, he lives in Lost Angeles.
湯姆，他住在舊金山。
Example 2:
例二：
The students come from Vietnam.
學(xué)生們來(lái)自越南。
NOT
而不是
The students they come from Vietnam.
學(xué)生們他們來(lái)自越南。
Incorrect Tense
時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤
Tense usage is a common mistake in student writing. Make sure that the tense used corresponds to the situation. In other words, if you are speaking about something that happened in the past do not use include a tense that refers to the present. For example:
時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤在學(xué)生寫(xiě)作中很常見(jiàn)。你要確保時(shí)態(tài)與事情發(fā)生的情況一致。也就是說(shuō)，如果你要表達(dá)的是發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事，就不要使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
They fly to visit their parents in Toronto last week.
上周他們坐飛機(jī)去看望父母。
Alex bought a new car and drives it to her home in Los Angeles.
亞歷克斯買(mǎi)了一輛新車(chē)，并把它開(kāi)進(jìn)了洛杉磯的家。
Incorrect Verb Form
動(dòng)詞形式錯(cuò)誤
Another common mistake is the use of an incorrect verb form when combining with another verb. Certain verbs in English take the infinitive and others take the gerund (ing form).
另一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤就是在與其他動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)，動(dòng)詞形式的錯(cuò)誤。英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞既有不定式形式，又有動(dòng)名詞形式。
It's important to learn these verb combinations. Also, when using the verb as a noun, use the gerund form of the verb.
學(xué)習(xí)這些動(dòng)詞的連用很重要。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞作為名詞使用時(shí)，就要使用動(dòng)名詞形式。
He hopes finding a new job. / Correct -> He hopes to find a new job.
他想找一個(gè)新工作。
Peter avoided to invest in the project. / Correct -> Peter avoided investing in the project.
皮特沒(méi)有在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目上投資。
Parallel Verb Form
動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)形式
A related issue is the use of parallel verb forms when using a list of verbs. If you are writing in the present continuous tense, use the 'ing' form in your list. If you are using the present perfect, use the past participle, etc.
在使用多個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，有一個(gè)問(wèn)題就是動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的使用。如果你是在用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作，就應(yīng)該使用動(dòng)詞ing形式。如果你使用的是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，就應(yīng)該使用過(guò)去分詞形式。
She enjoys watching TV, play tennis, and cook. / Correct -> She enjoys watching TV, playing tennis, and cooking.
她喜歡看電視，打網(wǎng)球和烹飪。
I've lived in Italy, working in Germany and study in New York. / Correct -> I've lived in Italy, worked in Germany, and studied in New York.
我住在意大利，在德國(guó)工作，在紐約讀書(shū)。
Use of Time Clauses
時(shí)間從句的使用
Time clauses are introduced by the time words 'when', 'before', 'after' and so on. When speaking about the present or future use the present simple tense in time clauses. If using a past tense, we usually use the past simple in a time clause.
時(shí)間從句由時(shí)間詞語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)，例如when，before，after等等。當(dāng)我們表達(dá)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的事時(shí)，可以使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)間從句。如果使用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，通常會(huì)使用過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間從句。
We'll visit you when we will come next week. / Correct -> We'll visit you when we come next week.
下周我們會(huì)來(lái)看你。
She cooked dinner after he was arriving. / Correct -> She cooked dinner after he arrived.
他到了之后，她才開(kāi)始煮飯。
Subject - Verb Agreement
主謂一致
Another common mistake is to use incorrect subject - verb agreement. The most common of these mistakes is the missing 's' in the present simple tense. However, there are other types of mistakes. Always look for these mistakes in the helping verb.
另一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤就是主謂不一致。最常見(jiàn)的就是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中漏掉了-s。但是，還有其他類(lèi)型的錯(cuò)誤。這些錯(cuò)誤常發(fā)生在助動(dòng)詞的使用上。
Tom play guitar in a band. / Correct -> Tom plays guitar in a band.
湯姆在樂(lè)隊(duì)里是彈吉他的。
They was sleeping when she telephoned. / Correct -> They were sleeping when she telephoned.
他打電話(huà)過(guò)來(lái)時(shí)，他們都睡著了。
Pronoun Agreement
代詞一致
Pronoun agreement mistakes take place when using a pronoun to replace a proper noun. Often this mistake is a mistake of use of a singular form rather than a plural or vice versa. However, pronoun agreement mistakes can occur in object or possessive pronouns, as well as in subject pronouns.
代詞不一致發(fā)生在用代詞來(lái)替代專(zhuān)有名詞的情況下。通常是使用了單復(fù)數(shù)形式的錯(cuò)誤使用。但是，代詞不一致也會(huì)發(fā)生在賓語(yǔ)或物主代詞，和主格代名詞上。
Tom works at a company in Hamburg. He loves his job. / Correct -> Tom works at a company in Hamburg. He loves his job.
湯姆在漢堡一家公司工作。他熱愛(ài)這份工作。
Andrea and Peter studied Russian at school. He thought they were very difficult.Correct -> Andrea and Peter studied Russian at school. They thought it was very difficult.
(正確)安德里亞和皮特在學(xué)校里學(xué)習(xí)了俄語(yǔ)。他們覺(jué)得俄語(yǔ)很難。
Missing Commas After Linking Language
連接語(yǔ)言后漏掉了逗號(hào)
When using an introductory phrase as linking language such as a conjunctive adverb or sequencing word, use a comma after the phrase to continue the sentence.
當(dāng)我們使用介紹性短語(yǔ)，例如連接副詞或表示順序的詞語(yǔ)，通常會(huì)在短語(yǔ)后面打上逗號(hào)來(lái)連接下文。
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