以前,英語作文評分的依據是根據要點和語言準確度而定。但是從2001年起實行的高考評分標準強調了內容要點,語言的多樣性、連貫性和得體性, 鼓勵學生嘗試語言表達的多樣化和復雜化。因此要寫成一篇較有水準的英語作文,除了要點和語言準確度以外,還必須在語用、語法結構以及表達的多樣性和靈活性上有所表現。句子單一、缺乏生氣的文章,哪怕沒有任何錯誤也不可能得高分,相反,“有些許錯誤,但是為了使用較復雜結構或較高級詞匯所致”,給分檔次仍在最高檔(21—25分)。
那么,英語作文如何才能得高分呢?以下幾種手段是增加句子復雜性的常見方法,也是得高分的“亮點”。
1. 改變句子的開頭方式,不是一味地都是主語開頭,接著是謂語、賓語,最后再加一個狀語。可以把狀語置于句首,或用分詞作狀語等。試比較:
(原文) My brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle the other day.
(修正) The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle.
(原文) The young man couldn’t help crying when he heard the bad news.
(修正) Hearing the bad news, the young man couldn’t help crying.
2. 在整篇文章中,避免只使用一兩個句式,要靈活運用諸如強調句、主從復合句、分詞短語、倒裝句、省略句等。例如:
(1)強調句
(原文) The dog has saved my little sister bravely.
(修正) It is the dog that has saved my little sister bravely.
(2)主從復合句
(原文) We had to stand there to catch the offender.
(修正) What we had to do was to stand there, trying to catch the offender.
(3)分詞短語、由with或without引導的短語
(原文) The driver escaped and didn’t stop, he left the old man lying on the road.
(修正) The driver escaped without stopping, leaving the old man lying on the road.
(4)倒裝句
(原文) I went to bed at 11:30.
(修正) Not until 11:30 did I go to bed.
(5)省略句
(原文) While you are crossing the street, you should be careful.
(修正) While crossing the street, you should be careful.
3. 通過分句和合句,增強句子的連貫性和表現力。例如:
(原文) He stopped us an hour ago. He made us catch the next offender.
(修正) He stopped us half an hour ago and made us catch the next offender.
(原文) We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced.
(修正) After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing.
4. 注意連接詞與句子的運用。
以2001年高考作文為例,在信的開頭,可加上“You want to know something about what is going on in schools in China?”這句話起承上啟下的作用,使文章過渡自然;再如,用“What was worse?”引出減負前,晚上還要做作業,就寢時間11:30等要點。又如,“Now I have more free time...” 可引出減負后的情況。另外,在信的結尾,可用“How about you? I’m looking forward to hearing from you.”來自然地結束這封信。
5. 使用過渡詞語。
寫好了每個句子,并不一定就是一篇好文章,因為作為一篇文章,還必須行文連貫。那么,如何使文章行文連貫呢?這就要求我們在組成篇章時,要用好過渡性詞語,過渡性詞語就像是我們組裝機械時使用的潤滑劑一樣,起著潤滑的作用。常用的過渡詞語主要有:
并列遞進:and, also, as well as, besides, what’s more, furthermore, moreover, etc.
轉折:but, yet, however, although, nevertheless, in spite of, after all, etc.
因果:because, as, for, since, for this reason, because of, so, therefore, thus, as a result, etc.
對比:or, otherwise, like, unlike, on the contrary, while, on the other hand, instead of, etc.
總結:in all, in brief, on the whole, in short, in general, in one word, etc.
總之,要使文章的層次高,可讀性強,考生應增加些較高級的詞匯與復雜的結構,并運用恰當的連接詞和復合句,只有這樣,才能在考試中取得理想的成績。
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