第十四單元 推展段落方法之六
——比較與對比法
14．1比較與對比法
有時為了說明某一事物，需要與其他事物聯系起來才能闡述清楚，這就是對比或比較（comparison or contrast）。比較方法和對比方法基本一致，不同的是比較強調兩事物如何相同，對比強調兩事物如何不同。
示范段落14－1
Life in the city is quite different from life in the suburbs．People living in the city are constantly exposed to the hustle and bustle of urban life．But life in the suburbs is generally quiet and casual and generally more low－key than in the city．If city dwellers want to see trees and grass，they must go to one of the public parks．On the other hand，the streets of many suburban communities are lined with trees and shrubs，and each house has its own grassy yard．A person living in the city is close to many sources of entertainment，but people living in suburan areas must go into the city for entertainment．
示范段落14－2
The llama is a member of the camel family．Like the camel，the llama can live for weeks without a drink of water．Both get enough moisture from the grass，shrubs，and other plants they eat．But unlike the camel，the llama has no hump on its back．
14．2示范段落分析
示范段落14－1所用的支配方法是對比。作者對比城市生活與城郊生活。而示范段落14－2同時運用了比較和對比方法，既描繪了無峰駝和駱駝的共同點，也描繪了不同點。
14．3關于如何寫比較或對比段落的建議
1）弄清比較或對比的基點
在寫比較或對比時，第一步是確定比較／對比的基點。在示范段落14－1中，作者把對比基于生活步調、視野和娛樂上。在示范段落14－2中，作者把比較和對比基于無峰駝和駱駝的特性和外表上。
2）用逐事比較或逐點比較的方法組織比較或對比段落一旦確定了比較／對比基點，作者就可以用以下兩種方式之一推展段落：逐事比較（item－by－item）或逐點比較（point－by－point）。
逐事比較重點放在被比較和對比的特定事物上，先敘述A事物，再敘述B事物。逐點比較重點放在兩事物中每個事物的各個特征上，先敘述每個事物某一特征，再敘述每個事物的另一特征。如下面比較“a motor－cycle”和“a car”的異同的大綱所示：
Item－by－Item
Ⅰ．Motorcycle A．Expense B．Upkeep C．Safety
Ⅱ．Automobile A．Expense B．Upkeep C．Safety
Point－by－Point
Ⅰ．Expense A．Motorcycle B．Autormobile
Ⅱ．Upkeep A．Motorcycle B．Autormobile
Ⅲ．Safety A．Motorcycle B．Autormobile
3）運用連接詞語保持連貫（連接詞語見第34單元）
Exercise 14-1
Directions：Write a paragraph using a point－by－point comparison/contrast about the advantages of bikes over cars or
buses．The outline and the topic sentence are given．
Outline：Ⅰ．Expense A．Cars or buses B．Bikes
Ⅱ．Convenience A．Cars or buses B．Bikes
Ⅲ．Pollution A．Cars or buses B．Bikes
As compared with cars or buses，bicycles have unique advantages for Chinese people．
____________________________________________
Exercise 14-2
Directions：Write a paragraph of contrast，contrasting women today with women in the past（hints：social status，family status，etc．）．
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